关于指代题，上次说过基本题型的做法：主从句主语一致；这节课我们在此基础上进行进一步的练习和强化，并学会熟练运用上一：向前找，二：主从句主语一致；三：注意数格  四：前文概括总结的几个做题要领。我们来继续看以下几个题 

    一：在主从一致的基础上，我们加上下一个习题，结构稍微复杂些：

    Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

    The word “they” in the passage refers to （1）

    ○ statues

    ○ gateways

    ○ temples

    ○ pillared courts

解析：在这个题目里面，所在句“they会被摆放在…位置”，之前跟的“where”必然指代前文的地点，而前文地点以例子的结构位置出现，在例子之前的主句中，主语是Other statues的被摆放，因此能被摆放的，全文中只出现过一次，就是例子之前的主旨句的主语。

    二：指代前文概括总结练习

    练习一

    Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients.

    The word “This” in the passage refers to （4）

    ○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii

    ○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands

    ○the evolution of ferns

    ○the development of plants that produce seeds

解析：This was a wonderful biological invention.：这是个很棒的进步。这指的必然是一个进步性质的事件。This 指的一定是最近描述的事件，又是表达进展的，必然是evolved+ the seed-bearing plants做关键词，因此答案直接选有种子的植物，选D.

    练习二

    Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were   paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table.

   The phrase “The likely explanation” in the passage refers to the explanation for why (3)

   ○ the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas

   ○ modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts

   ○ water problems were most severe in the wet south

   ○ land surface in the south is so high above the water table

解析：这个题目用上基本的问题-解释的思路就可以了，既然是解释，前文必然有问题，找问题处的表述然后按照原文或者同义直接选择答案就可以了。前文的问题很明显：archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. 答案为C。
 

    练习三

    The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.

    The phrase "this remarkable change" in the passage refers to （4）

    O   warming at the end of the Ice Age

    O   shifts in mountain snow lines

    O   the movement of people from farms to villages

    O   a dramatic increase in the population

解析：这个问的是改变指的是什么。前文必然有改变，而且是最近的改变。我们能看到的改变，一句话没有明确表述，再往前看，我们看到了所在句的前句说的就是一个事：population numbered,到了哪个数字；而再往前，我们看到了应该注意的敏感词no more than a few thousand foragers，是在之前，说明人口数字变化了。所以我们找答案直接去找人口的数量就可以了。因此本题选D.

    指代题的了解，不仅是做题的要求，也是我们更好的理解文章顺读内容的要求，这恰恰是ETS对我们的阅读能力的要求之一。随着出题趋势的发展，我们更应该注意复杂结构的指代和前文总结的指代。 


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